|
 Short
introduction
:
I am Dr.S.M.R.Hasheimi Moosavi.
I have discovered the formula of prime numbers after 20
years of researc and I have solved
unsolvable
problems related to them.
Discovery results
:
The distinction of the prime numbers.
The
generating formula of prime numbers.
The
definition of prime numbers set by using
the generating function of
prime numbers.
The
generating formula of the Mersenne prime numbers.
he
determining of the k-th prime number.
Solving
Riemann zeta equation by using the determining of
The
number of the prime numbers less than or equal arbitrary number (N) exactly.
Study
of the guesses of Goldbuch and Hardy.
The
proof of being infinity of the prime twin couples.
Note:
the results of this great discovery "the formula of generating
prime numbers discovery" has been sent to most of research
centers
and universities of the world.
What is a prime number?
A prime number is
a positive integer that has exactly two positive integer
factors, 1 and itself. For example, if we list the
factors of 28, we have 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, and 28. That's
six factors. If we list the factors of 29, we only have
1 and 29. That's 2. So we say that 29 is a prime number,
but 28 isn't.
Another way of
saying this is that a prime number is a whole number
that is not the product of two smaller numbers.
Note that the
definition of a prime number doesn't allow 1 to be a
prime number: 1 only has one factor, namely 1. Prime
numbers have exactly two factors, not "at most
two" or anything like that. When a number has more than
two factors it is called a composite number.
Here are the first
few prime numbers:
2, 3, 5, 7, 11,
13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61,
67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 101, 103, 107, 109, 113,
127, 131, 137, 139, 149, 151, 157, 163, 167, 173,
179, 181, 191, 193, 197, 199,
etc.
you can
read about
The Largest Known Primes
on the Web
What are Mersenne
primes and why do we search for them?
A Mersenne prime is a prime
of the form 2P-1. The first Mersenne primes are 3, 7,
31, 127, etc. There are only 41 known Mersenne primes.
GIMPS, the Great Internet
Mersenne Prime Search, was formed in January 1996 to discover
new world-record-size Mersenne primes. GIMPS harnesses the power
of thousands of small computers like yours to search for these
"needles in a haystack".
Most GIMPS members join the
search for the thrill of possibly discovering a record-setting,
rare, and historic new Mersenne prime. Of course, there are many
other reasons.
for
more information about Mersenne primes , History ,Theorems and
lists
click here .
Why do people find these primes?
"Why?" we are often asked,
"why would anyone want to find a prime that big?"" I often now
answer with "did you ever collect anything?"" or "did you ever
try to win a competition?"" Much of the answer for why we
collect large primes is the same as why we might collect other
rare items. Below I will present a more complete answer divided
into several parts.
1.
Tradition!
2.
For the by-products of the
quest
3.
People collect rare and beautiful items
4.
For the glory!
5.
To test the hardware
6.
To learn more about their distribution
This does not exhaust the
list of reasons, for example some might be motivated by primary
research or a need for publication. Many others just hate to see
a good machine wasting cycles (sitting idle or running an inane
screen saver).
Perhaps these arguments
will not convince you. If not, just recall that the eye may not
see what the ear hears, but that does not reduce the value of
sound. There are always melodies beyond our grasp.
1.
Tradition!
Euclid may have been the
first to define primality in his Elements approximately 300 BC.
His goal was to characterize the even perfect numbers (numbers
like 6 and 28 who are equal to the sum of their aliquot
divisors: 6 = 1+2+3, 28=1+2+4+7+14). He realized that the even
perfect numbers (no odd perfect numbers are known) are all
closely related to the primes of the form 2p-1
for some prime p (now called Mersennes). So the quest for
these jewels began near 300 BC.
Large primes (especially of
this form) were then studied (in chronological order) by Cataldi,
Descartes, Fermat, Mersenne, Frenicle, Leibniz, Euler, Landry,
Lucas, Catalan, Sylvester, Cunningham, Pepin, Putnam and Lehmer
(to name a few). How can we resist joining such an illustrious
group?
Much of elementary number
theory was developed while deciding how to handle large numbers,
how to characterize their factors and discover those which are
prime. In short, the tradition of seeking large primes
(Especially the Mersennes) has been long and fruitful It is a
tradition well worth continuing.
2. For the
by-products of the quest
Being the first to put a
man on the moon had great political value for the United States
of America, but what was perhaps of the most lasting value to
the society was the by-products of the race. By-products such
as the new technologies and materials that were developed for
the race that are now common everyday items, and the
improvements to education's infrastructure that led many man and
women into productive lives as scientists and engineers.
The same is true for the
quest for record primes. In the tradition section above I
listed some of the giants who were in the search (such as
Euclid, Euler and Fermat). They left in their wake some of the
greatest theorems of elementary number theory (such as Fermat's
little theorem and quadratic reciprocity).
More recently, the search
has demanded new and faster ways of multiplying large integers.
In 1968 Strassen discovered how to multiply quickly using
Fast Fourier Transforms.
He and Schönhage refined and published the method in 1971. GIMPS
now uses an improved version of their algorithm developed by the
long time Mersenne searcher Richard Crandall .
The Mersenne search is also
used by school teachers to involve their students in
mathematical research, and perhaps to excite them into careers
in science or engineering. And these are just a few of the
by-products of the search.
3. People
collect rare and beautiful items
Mersenne primes, which are
usually the largest known primes, are both rare and beautiful.
Since Euclid initiated the search for and study of Mersennes
approximately 300 BC, very few have been found. Just 37 in all
of human history--that is rare!
But they are also
beautiful. Mathematics, like all fields of study, has a
definite notion of beauty. What qualities are perceived as
beautiful in mathematics? We look for proofs that are short,
concise, clear, and if possible that combine previous disparate
concepts or teach you something new. Mersennes have one of the
simplest possible forms for primes, 2n-1. The
proof of their primality has an elegant simplicity. Mersennes
are beautiful and have some surprising applications.
4. For the
glory!
Why do athletes try to run
faster than anyone else, jump higher, throw a javelin further?
Is it because they use the skills of javelin throwing in their
jobs? Not likely. More probably it is the desire to compete
(and to win!)
This desire to compete is
not always directed against other humans. Rock climbers may see
a cliff as a challenge. Mountain climbers can not resist certain
mountains.
Look at the incredible size
of these giant primes! Those who found them are like the
athletes in that they outran their competition. They are like
the mountain climbers in that they have scaled to new heights.
Their greatest contribution to mankind is not merely pragmatic,
it is to the curiosity and spirit of man. If we lose the desire
to do better, will we still be complete?
5. To test
the hardware
Since the dawn of
electronic computing, programs for finding primes have been used
as a test of the hardware. For example, software routines from
the GIMPS project were used by Intel to test Pentium II and
Pentium Pro chips before they were shipped. So a great many of
the readers of this page have directly benefited from the
search for Mersennes.
Slowinski, who has help
find more Mersennes than any other, works for Cray Research and
they use his program as a hardware test. The infamous Pentium
bug was found in a related effort as
Thomas Nicely
was calculating the twin prime constant.
Why are prime programs used
this way? They are intensely CPU and bus bound. They are
relatively short, give an easily checked answer (when run on a
known prime they should output true after their billions of
calculations). They can easily be run in the background while
other "more important" tasks run, and they are usually easy to
stop and restart.
6. To
learn more about their distribution
Though mathematics is not
an experimental science, we often look for examples to test
conjectures (which we hope to then prove). As the number of
examples increase, so does (in a sense) our understanding of the
distribution.
Elliptic curves are a special kind of algebraic curves which
have a very rich arithmetical structure.
There are several fancy ways of defining them. but for our
purposes we can just define them as the set of points satisfying
a polynomial equation of a certain form. To be specific,
consider an equation of the form
where the
 are
integers (There is a reason for the strange choice of indices on
the
,
but we won't go into it here). we want to consider the set of
points
 which
satisfy this equation.
To make things easier, let us focus on the special case in which
the equation is of the form
with
 a
cubic polynomial (in other words, we're assuming
 ).
In this case (*), it's very easy to determine when there can be
singular points, and even what sort of singular points they will
be. If we put
Then we have
 and
we know, the curve will be smooth if there are no common
solutions of the equations
Attention.
we know, from elementary analysis, that an equation
 defines
a smooth curve exactly when there are no points on the curve at
which both partial derivatives of
 vanish.
in other words, the curve will be smooth if there are no common
solutions of the equations (**).
And the condition for a point to be "bad" be comes
which boils down to
 In
other words, a point will be "bad" exactly when its
 -
coordinate is Zero and its
 -
coordinate is a double root of the polynomial
.
since
is
of degree 3, this gives us only three possibilities:
·
has
no multiple roots, and the equation defines an elliptic curve
(Three distinct roots),
(For
example, elliptic curve
 has
three distinct roots).
·
has
a double root (curve has a node), (For example, curve
 has
a node).
·
has
a triple root (curve has a cusp), (For example, curve
 has
a cusp).
Attention. If
 and
 are
the roots of the polynomial
,
the discriminant for the equation
 turns
out to be
where
 is
a constant.
This does just what we want:
If two of the roots are equal, it is Zero, and if not, not.
Further more, it is not too hard to see that
 is
actually a polynomial in the coefficents of
,
which is what we claimed. In other words, all that the
discriminant is doing for us is giving a direct algebraic
procedure for determining whether there are singular points.
while this analysis applies specifically to curves of the form
 it
actually extends to all equations of the sort we are considering
there is at most one singular point, and it is either a node or
a cusp.
Attention.
with some examples in hand, we can proceed to deeper waters. In
order to understand the connection we are going to establish
between elliptic curves and Fermat's Last Theorem, we need to
review quite a large portion of what is known about the rich
arithmetic structure of these curves.
Conclusion.
Elliptic curve of the form
is a elliptic curve of Non – Singular if
has
not a double root or
a triple root. In fact below equation
has three distinct roots, if
Attention. If
 then
has
no multiple roots, and
is
a
Non –Singular cubic elliptic curve.
3 New Proof of Fermat's last Theorem by
HM Final Main Theorem
Seyyed Mohammad Reza Hashemi Moosavi
·
HM Final – Main Theorem
For every odd
number  Fermat's
Last Theorem ( ):
Special case is of an elliptic curve (Non – Singular Cubic
Curve) HM:
·
Proof:
It is enough in the below general elliptic curve:
Or elliptic curve HM (*) we assume:
then after replacing in (*) or (**):
(odd numbers)
Attention:
§
Elliptic curve (*) is Non – Singular.
§
First Fermat's equation is multiplied
 .
§
We assume  .
§
We know that Proofed
 is
an elliptic curve.
New Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem by HM Final – Main
Theorem
Because:  ;
 ;
 ;
 ;
 ;
(odd numbers) ;
 ;
 ;
 ;
Attention:
§
Elliptic curve HM (*) is non – Singular, because:
;
(Three different roots)
·
References
[1] S. M. R. Hashemi Moosavi, The Discovery of Prime Numbers
Formula & It's Results (2003).
(ISBN: 978-600-94467-9-7).
[2] S. M. R. Hashemi Moosavi, Generalization of Fermat's Last
Theorem and Solution of Beal's Equation by HM Theorems (2016).
(ISBN: 978-600-94467-3-5).
[3] S. M. R. Hashemi Moosavi, 31 Methods for Solving Cubic
Equations and Applications (2016).
(ISBN: 978-600-94467-7-3).
|
)
functions
and
functions are discovered by discoverer (Prof.SMR.Hashemi
Moosavi). The software of this function is produced by
Seyyed Alireza Hashemi Moosavi. 
